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Limitation, Attitude and Steps Operational Scientific Method

A.     Preliminary

Basically it's the scientific method is a logical way to solve a particular problem. Scientific method is what is the basis of the method used in the Science of Nature.

Named after the scientific method was derived from a theory of knowledge acquired / developed in a way that - typical - specifically, the observation experiments, inference, theory development, experimentation, and so on hook between the way that one way another.

Since the 16th century scientists began to use that method in studying the universe. in solving a problem is carried out stage by stage, and then collected the facts relating to the problem and test it repeatedly, so it goes with specific research.

Thus, the peroses scientific activities began to spin again in a cycle that has been adopted as the framework of a scientific theory is.

B.     Scientific Method

The scientific method is the most important part in the study of Natural Science. The steps in applying this method does not always have to sequentially step by step, but the important thing is solving problems to get a general conclusion (generalization) based only on data tested with data rather than by desire, belief or consideration.

The implementation steps of scientific method are as follows:

1.      Determine and provide limits to the problems encountered or discovered when it made contact with the facts and phenomena of nature must be certain, then formulate a precise formulation of the problem. It will provide assistance in finding a way to find data, which organized the facts relevant to find the problem.

2.      Determining the formulation of a hypothesis or solving a problem is temporary.

There are two approaches to obtain a hypothesis or conjecture that might be true, the formula or a statement to solve the problem: First, the so-called induction approach, beginning with the data and then use these data as hypothesis formulation. Second, each approach has the same perfection, it's not about which approach to take precedence, but both can be used to testing and inspection.

3.      Testing and verification of the conclusions hold

In the Natural Basic, a tentative conclusion. The conclusion is something that should be tested. Such tests need the additional data. Thus, a new generalization will be obtained, and there was a continuous process of continuous improvement that will be obtained.

Judging from the history of the human way of thinking, basically there are two principal ways to acquire the right knowledge, are:

1) How are based on the ratio; understand the developed known as rationalism. Figure and a pioneer of rationalism is Desvartes. According to the ratio of the source and the base of all the understanding, only the ratio alone could bring people to the truth and can provide leadership in every way of thinking.

2) How are based on experience; understand the developed called empiricism. These people argue that human knowledge is not gained through abstract reasoning, but through concrete experience. For the empiricist, truths and facts or objects must be based on human experience.

C.     Scientific Attitude

One aspect of learning objectives Natural Sciences is the formation of a scientific attitude. People who engaged in Natural Science will form the scientific attitude among others are:

1. Honest

A scientist must report its observations objectively. A scientist has also been trained to pay attention to internal controls in each study. With this kind of a study on the influence of certain drugs produced by the group of patients who were given certain medications and other groups that are not given the drug as a control group.

In addition to internal controls unisex external control. In this case, other scientists will repeat the previous scientists, with conditions made similar and so other scientists will be able to test the above study. Thus a scientist should be honest in carrying out research report.

2. Open

A scientist has a broad outlook, open, free of preconceptions and prejudices. He will not try to elicit suspicion for his thoughts on the basis of prejudice, and he will not underestimate a new idea. He would appreciate any new ideas and test it before accepting or rejecting them. So, it is open to others' opinions.

3. Tolerant

A scientist does not feel that he is the greatest. But he was willing to acknowledge other people, maybe more of his knowledge and his opinion may be wrong, while people's opinions when tested properly. He will not force an opinion on others. He has a tolerance or high tolerance, far from being arrogant.

4. Skeptics

Scientists seek the truth will be cautious, hesitant, skeptical. He will investigate the evidence behind the conclusions. To obtain data on which to base a conclusion unsupported by solid evidence he would be critical.
Skepticism should be developed by people who intend to solve the problem. When he is not critical in obtaining the information, it will cause a result of erroneous conclusions. Therefore, after sufficient evidence, scientists can draw conclusions bari and finally give a decision.

5. Optimistic

A good scientist is always hope. He would not say that something is not done, but he would say, "Give me a chance to think about and try to do." Even a sense of humor a scientist has to do with the level of intelligence and one's optimistic attitude, he was always optimistic.

6. Intrepid

The scientist is the result of hard work and personal nature. Scientists as seekers of truth have to be brave against all unrighteousness, deception, pretense, hypocrisy, and sleaze that will hinder progress.

7. Creative

Scientists must be creative in developing their knowledge, such as al-Varez Lousi, Berkeley scientists, also a golfer, the creation strobaskop analyzers to improve how to play golf. With that tool, the golf beating phases of motion can be studied.

According to Torrance (1964 AD) he defines creativity as a process of growing up to be sensitive to the issue, less perfect, less know, not complete, harmonious, and so on, knowing the difficulties, find solutions, make a conjecture, formulate, test and modify hypotheses, and report research results.

D.    Operational Steps of Scientific Method

One of the requirements of science is the knowledge that the material must be obtained through scientific methods. This means that the way to obtain that knowledge to determine whether it includes scientific knowledge atu not. The scientific method of course must guarantee will generate scientific knowledge, which is characterized by abjektivitas, consistent and systematic.

Operational steps of scientific method are as follows:

1.      aProblem Formulation: The definition of the problem here is a statement of what, why, or how about the object under study. That problem should be clear boundaries and known factors that influence it.

2.      Hypothesis Formulation; defined hypothesis is a statement indicating the possible answers to solve problems that have been set. In other words, the hypothesis is a conjecture which of course is supported by existing knowledge. The hypothesis can also be viewed as a temporary answer to these problems that must be verifiable.

3.      Hypothesis Testing; the various business gathering facts releban with hypotheses that have been submitted to show whether there are facts that support the hypothesis or not.

4.      Withdrawal of Conclusion: Withdrawal of this conclusion is based on the assessment through the analysis of the facts (data) to see whether the hypothesis was accepted or not. The hypothesis would be accepted if the collected facts supporting the hypothesis statement. Accepted hypothesis is a knowledge that the truth has been scientifically tested, and is part of science.
From the descriptions above can be concluded, that science is organized knowledge in a systematic, generally applicable and validity have been tested empirically.

E.     Conclusion

In studying the Natural Sciences is the most important thing is to apply the scientific method is not necessarily sequential step by step, but the most important thing is solving problems to get a general conclusion (generaliasi) based upon the desire, prsangka, trust or other considerations.

Purpose in studying aspects of natural science is the formation of a scientific attitude. People who engaged in natural sciences will form a scientific attitude, among other things, honest, open, tolerant, skeptical, optimistic, courageous, and creative. The operational actions are the problem formulation, hypothesis formulation, testing hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.
From these statements we can conclude that science is penegtahuan arranged in a systematic, generally applicable, and the truth has been tested empirically.

Communication Technology in Meeting the Needs of Man

One of the purposes of man is to communicate among themselves. For the Natural Sciences with its technology, has donated to us all, such as print media, telegraphy, telephone, radio, and television.

In 1962, the world was startled by the discovery of a new form of TV and radio broadcasts through outer space, or specifically via an artificial satellite. With communications via satellite is the relationship between human beings around the world is becoming increasingly easy.

Below is the development of world communications, among others:

1.      Printing

Printing as a means of communication between humans is very important. Since the beginning of the 15th century printing has been used by people as a means of mass communication, namely in the newspaper. With this print mass media, a story known by many people in a short time, although its spread is still dependent on the means of transport available at that time.

2.      Telegraphy

A record of history shows that telegraphy had been found of people since the 18th century. Gradually become more perfect the technique so that by the mid-19th century telegraphy network has reached the plains of Europe and North America. Telegraphy advantage is that people can communicate over long distances up to hundreds of thousands of kilometers in just one or two minutes.

3.      Phone

Phone found one not long after telegraphy, precisely in 1876 AD by Bell. The advantages of telegraphy telephone with person’s phone are able to speak directly and receive answers as speech or like people talking to each other. While a person can only transmit telegraphy signs that must be translated in advance.

4.      Radio

In telegraphy and telephone wires are always used antartempat coupling, while the radio can send and receive messages without using wires. The messages are emitted into the air. So people can communicate with ships sailing on the ocean. Marconi (1896) considered the inventor of radio telegraph.

5.      Cinema or Picture of Life

One of the tools of mass communication that is very impressive and important for human life is a picture of life. Cinema is not only able to present a picture, but pictures that can move or live well with his voice so that the message being communicated to be complete.

6.      TV

The findings are very amazing in the 20th century is television. With the television people can transmit live images and sound. Said to be amazing because even now not many people can understand how the live images can be transmitted through electrical Kable, it can even also without going through the wire. But clearly the presence of television, people get great benefits for the welfare of his life. With the TV people can send and receive news with the impression that a complete (sound and live images). With the TV people can obtain quality entertainment, controlled, and inexpensive; with the TV people can improve the quality and quantity of education. We believe there are so many advantages to be gained with this TV.

7.      Satellite Communications

The first surprise happened in 1962 with the radio and television broadcasts can be received in the same time all over the world, which are separated by the Atlantic, namely Europe and the United States. With the possibility of reception of radio and television broadcasts to the entire face of this earth, there will be major changes in the development of society caused by the rapid cultural exchanges. Rapid dissemination of knowledge facilitate mutual understanding among people around the world to be great. The above happens with the help of communication satellites that will transmit radio waves and television broadcasts, as well as other communication tools.

Modern Technology

Initially all activities of the natural sciences is still limited to observation and recording of natural phenomenon. They seek to provide and explain how the course of natural phenomena, but still qualitative and quantitative.
In the next stage in line with the development of mathematics, natural science activities are more simulated and quantitatively. In addition, the activities of the natural sciences use the scientific method is open to verifiable, a dynamic besifat natural sciences.

1.      Without Descriptive and Quantitative

Activities of natural science starts from observation and recording gejal-observed natural phenomena. From the collection of these observations, we can see similarities or differences. Then arises the need to simplify the classification and systematization peroses principles in order to obtain a more fundamental and general nature. The classification process for mungubah separate data into data that is more functional.

Quantitative statement is sometimes an adequate knowledge and useful, especially for areas in which quantitative methods can be developed.

2.      Without Simulation and Quantitative

To obtain a careful measurement is necessary to process simulation, which mimics or repeats the events of nature by doing experiments. Quantitative trait may increase the power control and power predictor of knowledge and can provide a more exact answer, and the results are closer to the truth.

3.      Characteristically Dynamic Natural Sciences

As mentioned above the results of observation and observation, people try untu formulate concepts, principles, laws and theories. Of the theories that have been possible to conduct a new experiment, then from the newly acquired data still support the enactment of the old theory, but the possibility should be made in the new theory. So the dynamic of the natural sciences due to the use of scientific methods in which the role of theory and experiment are complementary and mutually reinforcing, but it also provides many benefits also bring risks.

Nuclear For Human Life

 

Before discussing about the benefits of nuclear power, we should first review the general properties of the beam of radioactive substances, because that's human nature on the basis of nuclear use.

1.      Effect of Radiation on Living

The rays arising from a radioactive substance, such as gamma rays, can lead to:

a.       Death

The nature of these deaths can be used to eradicate insect pests such as insects that damage tobacco in the warehouse, the materials of wood, foodstuffs and so on. The killing of microbes or bacteria can be a principle of preservation of foodstuffs, such as fish, rice, wheat, and so on. The nature of microorganisms to kill pests or even this can be used to clean tools-lat medicine. This method was most practical because it does not require high heat yang can damage equipment that is not heat resistant. This method also requires no chemicals, and anyway the tools can be sterilized in a state wrapped it and kill the germs that exist in the package.

b.      Barriers to growth

Inhibiting properties of budding can be used to store potatoes, stalks and so on in the warehouse.

c.       Changes in the properties of genetic

The properties derived from the creature's chromosomes or genes contained in the cell nucleus. This means that changes / mutations of the gene results in changes in properties of the descendants of creatures that live. Rays have the nature of the radioactive substance may convene a mutation of the gene. Properties to be utilized in the search for seeds, for example in rice.

2.      Nuclear Techniques for the exaltation of rice and other crops

By using the properties of gamma rays that can hold a mutated gene from grains, can be searched mutant, which is a variation of the gene mutation, which is beneficial to human life. Example: Rice is generally shorter, more fruit, resistant to pests and so on. Alternatively, you can look for loads that are resistant to drought with a goal to be planted on dry land.

By the same principle, gene mutations also occurred in other crops on the influence of gamma. For example wheat, corn, beans, soybeans, and so on. With this technique, there is hope people get a variant that is very profitable so it can give food to the world's population whose development is so rapid.

3.      Nuclear Engineering For Industry

a.       The timber industry

Wood quality can be improved by immersing into the liquid monomer organic material (plastic material). This material, if exposed to radiation will be polinier (like plastic). Therefore, if the timber has been immersed in the material was then subjected to the radiation beam so that the liquid into a plastic timber so far become harder and weather resistant, resistant to moisture and insects.

b.      Textile fibers either from natural materials, such as Non amuun

Synthetic fibers such as polyester changed its properties so it is more profitable humans. For example, the polyester fiber is difficult to absorb water so clothes are made from polyester hard to absorb water so that clothes made of material that was hot. With the help of radiation, its nature can be transformed into not only can absorb water but also to absorb the color. Polypropilene fibers may change its nature can not stand the heat from a heat resistant and can suck the water.

c.       Skin that is cooked with the process of radiation, it produces better quality than the usual way, although damage can occur if the dose is too high.

d.      Food preservation

In principle foods preserved by killing the germs of decay by radiation. The advantages of this way in a manner unusual is that we can work without heating, without fumigation, and without chemicals so as not to leave the remnants of preservatives. Food items were not damaged by heating. Another advantage is the preservation can be done in a state already wrapped, so there is no contamination after the preservation process. Food ingredients are preserved in this way are rice, potatoes, wheat, chicken meat, onion, papaya, and dried fruits or vegetables or grains.

4.      Nuclear techniques for health

In the field of health, nuclear engineering is commonly used to make the diagnosis of a disease. The use of the usual ways eg by X-rays often do not provide satisfactory results and have side effects. The use of short-lived radioactive substances with small doses, can provide a more satisfactory information about something that exists in the patient's body. Some examples of its use is to determine the location of cancerous brain tumors, abnormalities in the lung, thyroid, kidney and others.

5.      Nuclear techniques in radiography indisutri

Maybe you've never seen an X-ray images of broken bones or lungs. That is an example of the results of radiography of the bones and lungs using X-rays. The same principle is applied to the construction industry and so on. By using gamma rays, can be obtained images showing the presence or absence of damage or cracks in the material contained in the building. this way can also be used to check the connections because of welded steel. In Indonesia, this technique has been used, such as power plant, rail services company, and cement factories.

6.      Nuclear techniques in hydrology

Generally, radio active substances in hydrology (the science of the water system) is used as a tracer or a crawler, which is a radioactive substance is inserted into the system, such as river flow and then traced with tools such as Geiger Muller detector. The results can provide information about the state of the system Muller, for example the speed of flowing water, the water that seeps in the ground, and where seepage was flowing. Another example is able to detect leakage of radioactive substances penyakur pipes embedded in the soil. Find this can be used for example to measure the ground water, about the direction IAR speed and groundwater discharge.