Limitation, Attitude and Steps Operational Scientific Method

A.     Preliminary

Basically it's the scientific method is a logical way to solve a particular problem. Scientific method is what is the basis of the method used in the Science of Nature.

Named after the scientific method was derived from a theory of knowledge acquired / developed in a way that - typical - specifically, the observation experiments, inference, theory development, experimentation, and so on hook between the way that one way another.

Since the 16th century scientists began to use that method in studying the universe. in solving a problem is carried out stage by stage, and then collected the facts relating to the problem and test it repeatedly, so it goes with specific research.

Thus, the peroses scientific activities began to spin again in a cycle that has been adopted as the framework of a scientific theory is.

B.     Scientific Method

The scientific method is the most important part in the study of Natural Science. The steps in applying this method does not always have to sequentially step by step, but the important thing is solving problems to get a general conclusion (generalization) based only on data tested with data rather than by desire, belief or consideration.

The implementation steps of scientific method are as follows:

1.      Determine and provide limits to the problems encountered or discovered when it made contact with the facts and phenomena of nature must be certain, then formulate a precise formulation of the problem. It will provide assistance in finding a way to find data, which organized the facts relevant to find the problem.

2.      Determining the formulation of a hypothesis or solving a problem is temporary.

There are two approaches to obtain a hypothesis or conjecture that might be true, the formula or a statement to solve the problem: First, the so-called induction approach, beginning with the data and then use these data as hypothesis formulation. Second, each approach has the same perfection, it's not about which approach to take precedence, but both can be used to testing and inspection.

3.      Testing and verification of the conclusions hold

In the Natural Basic, a tentative conclusion. The conclusion is something that should be tested. Such tests need the additional data. Thus, a new generalization will be obtained, and there was a continuous process of continuous improvement that will be obtained.

Judging from the history of the human way of thinking, basically there are two principal ways to acquire the right knowledge, are:

1) How are based on the ratio; understand the developed known as rationalism. Figure and a pioneer of rationalism is Desvartes. According to the ratio of the source and the base of all the understanding, only the ratio alone could bring people to the truth and can provide leadership in every way of thinking.

2) How are based on experience; understand the developed called empiricism. These people argue that human knowledge is not gained through abstract reasoning, but through concrete experience. For the empiricist, truths and facts or objects must be based on human experience.

C.     Scientific Attitude

One aspect of learning objectives Natural Sciences is the formation of a scientific attitude. People who engaged in Natural Science will form the scientific attitude among others are:

1. Honest

A scientist must report its observations objectively. A scientist has also been trained to pay attention to internal controls in each study. With this kind of a study on the influence of certain drugs produced by the group of patients who were given certain medications and other groups that are not given the drug as a control group.

In addition to internal controls unisex external control. In this case, other scientists will repeat the previous scientists, with conditions made similar and so other scientists will be able to test the above study. Thus a scientist should be honest in carrying out research report.

2. Open

A scientist has a broad outlook, open, free of preconceptions and prejudices. He will not try to elicit suspicion for his thoughts on the basis of prejudice, and he will not underestimate a new idea. He would appreciate any new ideas and test it before accepting or rejecting them. So, it is open to others' opinions.

3. Tolerant

A scientist does not feel that he is the greatest. But he was willing to acknowledge other people, maybe more of his knowledge and his opinion may be wrong, while people's opinions when tested properly. He will not force an opinion on others. He has a tolerance or high tolerance, far from being arrogant.

4. Skeptics

Scientists seek the truth will be cautious, hesitant, skeptical. He will investigate the evidence behind the conclusions. To obtain data on which to base a conclusion unsupported by solid evidence he would be critical.
Skepticism should be developed by people who intend to solve the problem. When he is not critical in obtaining the information, it will cause a result of erroneous conclusions. Therefore, after sufficient evidence, scientists can draw conclusions bari and finally give a decision.

5. Optimistic

A good scientist is always hope. He would not say that something is not done, but he would say, "Give me a chance to think about and try to do." Even a sense of humor a scientist has to do with the level of intelligence and one's optimistic attitude, he was always optimistic.

6. Intrepid

The scientist is the result of hard work and personal nature. Scientists as seekers of truth have to be brave against all unrighteousness, deception, pretense, hypocrisy, and sleaze that will hinder progress.

7. Creative

Scientists must be creative in developing their knowledge, such as al-Varez Lousi, Berkeley scientists, also a golfer, the creation strobaskop analyzers to improve how to play golf. With that tool, the golf beating phases of motion can be studied.

According to Torrance (1964 AD) he defines creativity as a process of growing up to be sensitive to the issue, less perfect, less know, not complete, harmonious, and so on, knowing the difficulties, find solutions, make a conjecture, formulate, test and modify hypotheses, and report research results.

D.    Operational Steps of Scientific Method

One of the requirements of science is the knowledge that the material must be obtained through scientific methods. This means that the way to obtain that knowledge to determine whether it includes scientific knowledge atu not. The scientific method of course must guarantee will generate scientific knowledge, which is characterized by abjektivitas, consistent and systematic.

Operational steps of scientific method are as follows:

1.      aProblem Formulation: The definition of the problem here is a statement of what, why, or how about the object under study. That problem should be clear boundaries and known factors that influence it.

2.      Hypothesis Formulation; defined hypothesis is a statement indicating the possible answers to solve problems that have been set. In other words, the hypothesis is a conjecture which of course is supported by existing knowledge. The hypothesis can also be viewed as a temporary answer to these problems that must be verifiable.

3.      Hypothesis Testing; the various business gathering facts releban with hypotheses that have been submitted to show whether there are facts that support the hypothesis or not.

4.      Withdrawal of Conclusion: Withdrawal of this conclusion is based on the assessment through the analysis of the facts (data) to see whether the hypothesis was accepted or not. The hypothesis would be accepted if the collected facts supporting the hypothesis statement. Accepted hypothesis is a knowledge that the truth has been scientifically tested, and is part of science.
From the descriptions above can be concluded, that science is organized knowledge in a systematic, generally applicable and validity have been tested empirically.

E.     Conclusion

In studying the Natural Sciences is the most important thing is to apply the scientific method is not necessarily sequential step by step, but the most important thing is solving problems to get a general conclusion (generaliasi) based upon the desire, prsangka, trust or other considerations.

Purpose in studying aspects of natural science is the formation of a scientific attitude. People who engaged in natural sciences will form a scientific attitude, among other things, honest, open, tolerant, skeptical, optimistic, courageous, and creative. The operational actions are the problem formulation, hypothesis formulation, testing hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.
From these statements we can conclude that science is penegtahuan arranged in a systematic, generally applicable, and the truth has been tested empirically.